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By:Richard Bowman,P. J. Banks,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (Australia). Division of Building, Construction and Engineering
Published on 1996 by
While most ceramic tiling systems perform to expectations, any failure compromises the reputation and growth of the industry. This indirectly has an adverse impact upon all manufacturers, merchants and installers. Although there are several different types of tiling system failures, very few are directly related to unforeseen characteristics of the tile. An exception would be the moisture expansion of a tile, particularly since the accepted accelerated test method may provide a poor indication of the likely in-service long-term behaviour. In the case of some tile bodies, the expansion induced by a 24 hour boil, as used in EN 155 and ISO 10545-10, corresponds to the natural expansion that occurs in about 12 to 24 months after production [1], rather than the estimated value of 36 months that had previously been assumed [2]. Since the kinetics of natural moisture expansion can generally be expressed in terms of a logarithmic function, the accelerated 24-hour boil may significantly underestimate the total amount of expansion that occurs over a long period of time. However, much of this expansion may occur prior to the tile being installed. Although moisture expansion of the tile will contribute to differential movement failures, other factors are normally involved and are often far more significant [2, 3]. These include concrete drying shrinkage, poor tile fixing practices and the use of unsuitable fixatives. The system must also be able to tolerate the additional stresses that result from the reversible thermal and moisture movements that will occur as the system is exposed to varying atmospheric conditions and usage situations. Most other types of failures are due to either using first quality products in inappropriate situations (poor specification of the tiling system), or to improper installation practices (failure to follow the specification). Widespread adequate specification of tiling systems is a complex matter that has been partly addressed by the development of the existing (and pending) product and installation Standards. It is also being addressed by the introduction of computer-based expert systems [4] as previously advocated [5]. However, there is still the fundamental underlying requirement for comprehensive engineering data to determine appropriate compliance limits and to permit the development of engineering design codes that can support the project decision- making process. While there is an obvious need for such information, it is expensive to obtain, and there is no implicit requirement for any individual party to provide it. Computer modelling of tiling systems offers a cost-effective means of determining the strains and stresses that may develop when the system is subjected to specific loading conditions. In some circumstances, partial analytical models of tiling systems may provide sufficient understanding, and at a low cost. In addition, empirical relationships have also been developed from experimental studies, for example the prediction of impact damage due to rolling wheel loads [6-9]. The advantage of any relationship that is expressed in mathematical terms is that one can readily determine the influence of a specific variable. This paper reviews some of the published studies that relate to differential movements within tiling systems. It broadly considers some of the aspects that have limited the more widespread use of modelling techniques for developing engineered solutions for specific scenarios. It is important to recognise that while some simple theoretical models are adequate for specific purposes, others can be misleading. There is thus a compelling need for experimental verification, although this may be hard to obtain for a number of reasons. For instance, one may obtain very different results from experiments conducted under conditions of constant temperature and relative humidity, compared to the variable conditions experienced on site. Thus. one must exercise care in applying laboratory-generated results to practical situations. There are a number of different strategic approaches that can be taken in such work. These include using a macroscopic perspective or more detailed analysis, and evaluation of the stresses that are generated along or across the tiling system. Such work should consider the effects of structural movements, including any pre-existing stresses within tbe substrate. One must particularly consider the time-dependent nature of adhesive setting reactions and differential movements. Ultimately, most approaches are acceptable and useful, as each tends to supply a partial solution to the overall problem.
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